Dieppe Raid in World War II

Dieppe Raid in World War II The Dieppe Raid took place during World War II (1939-1945).  Launched on August 19, 1942, it was an Allied effort to capture and occupy the port of Dieppe, France for a short period. The primary objective of the raid was to gather intelligence and test strategies for the invasion of Europe. Despite the element of surprise being lost, the operation went forward and was a complete failure. The largely Canadian forces that landed suffered losses of over 50%.  The lessons learned during the Dieppe Raid influenced later Allied amphibious operations. Background Following the Fall of France in June 1940, the British began developing and testing new amphibious tactics which would be needed in order to return to the Continent. Many of these were utilized during the commando operations conducted by Combined Operations. In 1941, with the Soviet Union under extreme pressure, Joseph Stalin asked Prime Minister Winston Churchill to expedite the opening of a second front. While British and Americans forces were not in a position to launch a major invasion, several large raids were discussed. In identifying potential targets, Allied planners sought to test tactics and strategies that could be used during the main invasion. Key among these was whether a large, fortified seaport could be captured intact during the initial phases of the attack. Also, while infantry landing techniques had been perfected during the commando operations, there was concern regarding the effectiveness of the landing craft designed to carry tanks and artillery, as well as questions regarding the German response to the landings. Moving forward, planners selected the town of Dieppe, in northwest France, as the target. The Allied Plan Designated Operation Rutter, preparations for the raid began with the goal of implementing the plan in July 1942. The plan called for paratroopers to land east and west of Dieppe to eliminate German artillery positions while the Canadian 2nd Division assaulted the town. In addition, the Royal Air Force would be present in force with the goal of drawing the Luftwaffe into battle. Embarking on July 5, the troops were aboard their ships when the fleet was attacked by German bombers. With the element of surprise eliminated, it was decided to cancel the mission. While most felt the raid was dead, Lord Louis Mountbatten, the head of Combined Operations, resurrected it on July 11 under the name Operation Jubilee. Working outside of the normal command structure, Mountbatten pressed for the raid to go forward on August 19. Due to the unofficial nature of his approach, his planners were forced to utilize intelligence that was months old. Changing the initial plan, Mountbatten replaced the paratroopers with commandos and added two flank attacks designed to capture the headlands that dominated Dieppes beaches. Fast Facts: Dieppe Raid Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: August 19, 1942Armies Commanders:AlliesLord Louis MountbattenMajor General John H. Roberts6,086 menGermanyField Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt1,500 menCasualties:Allies: 1,027 were killed and 2,340 were capturedGermany: 311 killed and 280 wounded Early Problems Departing on August 18, with Major General John H. Roberts in command, the raiding force moved across the Channel towards Dieppe. Issues quickly arose when the eastern commando forces ships encountered a German convoy. In the brief fight that followed, the commandos were scattered and only 18 successfully landed. Led by Major Peter Young, they moved inland and opened fire on the German artillery position. Lacking the men to capture it, Young was able to keep the Germans pinned down and away from their guns. Lieutant Colonel The Lord Lovat of No. 4 Commando, at Newhaven after returning from the Dieppe Raid. Public Domain Far to west, No. 4 Commando, under Lord Lovat, landed and quickly destroyed the other artillery battery. Next to land were the two flank attacks, one at Puys and the other at Pourville. Landing at Pourville, just to the east of Lovats commandos, Canadian troops were put ashore on the wrong side of the Scie River. As a result, they were forced to fight through town to gain the only bridge across the stream. Reaching the bridge, they were unable to get across and were forced to withdraw. To the east of Dieppe, Canadian and Scottish forces hit the beach at Puys. Arriving in disorganized waves, they encountered heavy German resistance and were unable to get off the beach. As the intensity of the German fire prevented rescue craft from approaching, the entire Puys force was either killed or captured. A Bloody Failure Despite the failures on the flanks, Roberts pressed on with the main assault. Landing around 5:20 AM, the first wave climbed up the steep pebble beach and encountered stiff German resistance. The attack on the eastern end of the beach was stopped completely, while some progress was made at the western end, where troops were able to move into a casino building. The infantrys armor support arrived late and only 27 of 58 tanks successfully made it ashore. Wounded on the beach at Dieppe, August 19, 1942. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-291-1205-14 / Koll / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Those that did were blocked from entering the town by an anti-tank wall. From his position on the destroyer HMS Calpe, Roberts was unaware that the initial assault was trapped on the beach and taking heavy fire from the headlands. Acting on fragments of radio messages which implied that his men were in the town, he ordered his reserve force to land. Taking fire all the way to the shore, they added to the confusion on the beach. Finally around 10:50 AM, Roberts became aware that the raid had turned into a disaster and ordered the troops to withdraw back to their ships. Due to heavy German fire, this proved difficult and many were left on the beach to become prisoners. The deadly result of enfilade fire during the Dieppe Raid of 1942: dead Canadian soldiers lie where they fell on Blue Beach. Trapped between the beach and fortified sea wall, they made easy targets for MG 34 machineguns in a German bunker. The bunker firing slit is visible in the distance, just above the German soldiers head. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-291-1205-14 / Koll / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Aftermath Of the 6,090 Allied troops that took part in the Dieppe Raid, 1,027 were killed and 2,340 were captured. This loss represented 55% of Roberts total force. Of the 1,500 Germans tasked with defending Dieppe, losses totaled around 311 killed and 280 wounded. Severely criticized after the raid, Mountbatten defended his actions, citing that, despite its failure, it provided vital lessons which would be used later in Normandy. In addition, the raid led Allied planners to drop the notion of capturing a seaport during the initial stages of the invasion, as well as showed the importance of pre-invasion bombardments and naval gunfire support.

Profile of Hannibal, Romes Greatest Enemy

Profile of Hannibal, Romes Greatest Enemy Hannibal (or Hannibal Barca) was the leader of the military forces of Carthage that fought against Rome in the Second Punic War. Hannibal, who almost overpowered Rome, was considered Romes greatest enemy. Birth and Death Dates Its  unknown, but Hannibal was thought to have been born in 247 BCE and died 183 BCE. Hannibal did not die when he lost the war with Rome years later, he committed suicide by ingesting poison. He was at Bithynia, at the time, and in danger of being extradited to Rome. [39.51]....Finally [Hannibal] called for the poison which he had long kept in readiness for such an emergency. Let us, he said, relieve the Romans from the anxiety they have so long experienced, since they think it tries their patience too much to wait for an old mans death....Livy Main Victories of Hannibal Against Rome Hannibals first military success, in Saguntum, in Spain, precipitated the Second Punic War. During this war, Hannibal led the forces of Carthage across the Alps with elephants and achieved surprising military victories. However, when Hannibal lost at the Battle of Zama, in 202, Carthage had to make heavy concessions to the Romans. Fleeing North Africa for Asia Minor Sometime after the end of the Second Punic War, Hannibal left North Africa for​ Asia Minor. There he helped Antiochus III of Syria fight Rome, unsuccessfully, at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 B.C. Peace terms included surrendering Hannibal, but Hannibal fled to Bithynia. Hannibal Uses Snaky Catapults In the 184 BCE battle between King Eumenes II of Pergamon (r. 197-159 BCE) and King Prusias I of Bithynia in Asia Minor (c.228-182 BCE), Hannibal served as commander of the Bithynian fleet. Hannibal used catapults to hurl pots filled with poisonous snakes into the enemy ships. The Pergamese panicked and fled, allowing the Bithynians to win. Family and Background Hannibals full name was Hannibal Barca. Hannibal means joy  of Baal. Barca means lightning. Barca is also spelled Barcas, Barca, and Barak. Hannibal was a son of Hamilcar Barca (d.228 BCE), the military leader of Carthage during the First Punic War in which he was defeated in 241 BCE Hamilcar developed a base for Carthage in southern Spain, which helps explain the geography and transalpine adventure of the Second Punic War. When Hamilcar died, his son-in-law Hasdrubal took over, but when Hasdrubal died, 7 years later, in 221, the army-appointed Hannibal general of the forces of Carthage in Spain.​ Why Hannibal Was Considered Great Hannibal retained his reputation as a formidable opponent and great military leader even after Carthage lost the Punic Wars. Hannibal colors the popular imagination because of his treacherous trek with elephants across the Alps to face the Roman army. By the time the Carthaginian troops had finished the mountain crossing, he had about 50,000 troops and 6000 horsemen with which to face and defeat the Romans 200,000. Although Hannibal ultimately lost the war, he managed to survive in enemy land, winning battles for 15 years. Source The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, by Philip A G Sabin; Hans van Wees; Michael Whitby; Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Inquisitorial System & Adversarial System Article

Inquisitorial System & Adversarial System - Article Example But unlike the suggestion of the name, the continental European Law is not only meant for the European Union, but is also applicable in other continents such as Asia, South America, and Central America. Within the countries that follow the common law standards, the decisions rely mostly on the negotiation abilities of Lawyers which play a major role in examining and cross questioning of witnesses. This law is more prominent for countries that follow the American legal system such as Canada, Australia, and of course the United States of America. Includes the Muslim Law, Jewish Halakha, etc. And is mostly practiced in countries where the government is based on religionist principles, rather than practicability. Most of the Common and Civil law countries oppose Religious laws as these normally bring about severe and extremely dire punishments such as experienced mostly in the case of Islamic Laws. Besides these punishments, where ever these laws apply, other aspects have also been witnessed, such as degradation of the value of women in society, favour of self religion or the prime religion of the country (rest are deemed as outsiders and unfairness can thus be witnessed within the religious legal systems), and others.5 Based on the opinion of the author of this report; Inquisitorial System, which is the better amongst the 2 (adversarial and inquisitorial), is the system to present evidence in such a manner so as it leaves the court to decide who the culprit is or to make a fair decision on the honesty amongst any 2 parties.9 Inquisitorial System very generally implies to inquiries related to criminal procedures, and not inquiries related to substantive law. The inquisitorial system is usually used along with economies that rely on the Civil Legal systems, although it is not followed in 'all' civil legal systems, and still 'some' economies which are even though based on the Civil Legal systems, rely on other methods of revealing evidence in Court. Herewith the judge may directly question the witnesses and the criminal against whom charges have been pressed, in order to clarify the matter to him further. In very simple words, here in the inquisitorial Legal

Lan Yu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lan Yu - Essay Example In this movie, Chen Handong who is a successful businessperson takes Lan Yu home with him just to have fun. He is clear that all he wants to do is have fun and they will eventually break up. In our society today such is the trend for the opposite gender couples. They are in it for the fun and not the relationship. Lan Yu falls in love with Handong but he finds out that the man is cheating which is the case for opposite gender couples. All form of couples can cheat and this is no different for the gay couples (Kwan, Lan Yu). Make-ups and break-ups are prevalent in opposite gender couples. People break-up and later in life, their paths cross and they decide to try it again. This is no different for the gay couples as seen in this movie. Handong is worried that Lan Yu has been caught up in the violence in Tiananmen Square and looks for him. This was after their first break-up and he takes him back. When anyone wants to settle they may have doubts about their current partner and this may spill over to refusing to settle down or changing the partner. This is an experience that is faced by both the opposite gender couples and gay couples. Handong has an affair with Jingping because he is not sure if he wants to settle down with Lan Yu (Kwan, Lan Yu). The movie Lan Yu has depicted homosexuality as a socially accepted norm where Lan Yu and Handong’s sister hold a welcome-home party for Handong. Hangdong’s family shows great support for the couple’s relationship. The real situation in china is different. Families due to the following reasons do not support LTGB groups in this country. According to tradition, a man must marry the opposite gender in order to have children, which is considered a very important aspect of life. The wife is also supposed to care for the husband and thus many families do not allow this kind of marriages or relationships to exist. Socially this is not acceptable and most families do not support the idea of one marrying

Wounded Knee :: American America History

Wounded Knee Wounded Knee was a terrible event in US history. It showed how the US government didn't understand the Native Americans and treated them badly and unfairly. Big Foot was the chief of a subtribe of the Lakota called Miniconjou. He was very old and had pneumonia. He was taking his tribe to the Pine Ridge Reservation in south-western South Dakota. Most of the women and children in Big Foot's tribe were family members of the warriors who had died in the Plains wars. The Indians had agreed to live on small reservations after the US government took away their land. At the Wounded Knee camp, there were 120 men and 230 women and children. At the camp, they were guarded by the US Seventh Cavalry lead by Major Samuel Whitside. During the year 1890 a new dance called the Ghost Dance started among the Sioux and other tribes. The Sioux's Christ figure, Wovoka, was said to have flown over Sitting Bull and Short Bull and taught them the dance and the songs. The Ghost Dance legend was that the next spring, when the grass was high, the Earth would be covered with a new layer of soil, covering all white men. Wild buffalo and horses would return and there would be swift running water, sweet grass, and new trees. All Indians who danced the Ghost dance would be floating in the air when the new soil was being laid down and would be saved. The Gh ost Dance was made illegal after the Wounded Knee massacre though. On December 28, 1890 the Seventh Cavalry saw Big Foot moving his tribe and Big Foot immediately put up a white flag. Major Samuel Whitside captured the Indians and took them to an army camp near the Pine Ridge reservation at Wounded Knee. Whitside took Bigfoot on his wagon because it was more comfortable and warmer, and Big Foot was sick. Whitside had orders to take the Indians to a military prison in Omaha the next day, but it never happened. That night Colonel James W. Forsyth took over. The Cavalry provided the Indians with tents that night because it was cold and there was a blizzard coming. The next day, December 29, 1890, the Cavalry gave the Indians hardtack for breakfast. There was a seize of arms and the soldiers took all the Indian's guns away. A medicine man named Yellow Bird told the Indians to resist the soldiers and not give up the guns, he did a few steps of the Ghost Dance.

Evaluation of Security Considerations in the Design of Public Buildings in Abuja

AN Evaluation OF SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN ABUJA ; Introduction The primary intent of edifices is to supply residents with contributing, safe, comfy, healthy and secured indoor environment to transport out different sorts of activities runing from work, survey, leisure, concern and household life to societal interactions. ( Olagide and Bello 2007 ) . Benjamin and Lawrence, 2007 noted that in order to accomplish this intent, edifices are designed, planned, constructed and managed based on standard specifications established by government’s professionals and experts who are supposed to hold equal cognition of user’s demands and outlooks, among others. ( Webster, 1966 ) , province that security is the province of feeling of being free from fright and danger or the riddance of menaces. Security is one of the basic demands of humanity. Human security is about screening persons and communities from any signifier of force or insecurity. Human security sought to foreground new concerns about planetary security and needs to turn to a menace to human life. ( Ogboi and Eze, 2013 ) . Harmonizing to ( Gilbert et al. ( 2003 ) as cited by Benjamin and Lawrence [ 2007 ] Terrorist onslaughts as a menace to edifices are a menace that most design codifications have non addressed in the yesteryear, and which have clearly become more of import. ( Benjamin and Lawrence, 2007 ) opines that particularly for certain types of edifices. These has become an issue that cause fright, anxiousness and concern in the heads of the populace. As edifice codifications are bing for the benefit and protection of the populace and belongingss, it seems sensible that codifications should be taken into history the perceptual experiences and frights of the general populace when planing for all jeopardies, including terrorist menaces. Prince philips, ( 2010 ) states that the security breach by the terrorist group at the force central office and the united states office in Abuja in 2011 had thrown up assorted security issues and brought about frights in the head of populaces. Aziza, ( 2011 ) , noted that public edifices in Nigeria today seems to hold been the focal point of terrorist onslaught. Building security and safety took on new intending on September 11, 2001. Unprecedented terrorist actions that twenty-four hours at the universe trade centre in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington. DC, made edifice proprietors and users think as they had ne'er thought before about secure and safe, they are-or aren’t-in the edifices they use every twenty-four hours. ( Anderson, 2008, as was cited by Muhammad, and Asmau S, [ 2012 ] . Architects, applied scientists, security and engineering advisers define the architect’s function in the relationship between security and edifice design. Aziza, ( 2011 ) . Noted that constructing security considerations is non merely about put ining the latest electronic cogwheel and package bundle. Nor is it merely a consideration for constructing types with extremely specific tenancy considerations. Increasingly, edifices of all kinds are campaigners for the sort of careful security planning that proceeds hand-in-hand with the architectural design procedure. To guarantee an appropriate and cost-efficient degree of security, designers need to introduce themselves with the scope of security factors that affect the design. Safety, menaces to edifices are addressed by constructing codifications. By Torahs, designers and other interior decorators must conform to plan and building criterions applicable to the legal power in which a undertaking is located. Mandated demands in edifice codifications are intended to protect the wellness and safety of edifice residents, firemans, and exigency forces, and to keep the structural unity of edifices in the event of fire and other inauspicious status. Although safety menaces relate to security menaces, constructing codifications do non incorporate security demands. Safety menaces, which are unwilled, consequence from natural phenomena ( e.g. Lighting inundations, hurricanes and twisters ) or through human carelessness and ignorance ( e.g. Improper usage, accidents, equipment failure, and system defects ) . Security menaces are knowing and originate in human actions. Angry persons, vandals, felons, and terrorists can transport out knowing menaces. However, heather me naces are knowing or unwilled, they may hold similar results, runing from nuisances to catastrophes of the major graduated table ( got from security and planning in the design ) . Nimma, ( 2007 ) . Stressed that with the recent rush in panic onslaughts comes the demand to reconsider edifice design considerations to safeguard lives and belongings and minimise hazard and chance of onslaught. The easiness at which security was beaten at the United Nations edifice in Abuja raise new inquiries as to the rightness of the full composite in position of its position. Granted the edifice exhibited resilient structural unity in defying impact, it ought to be more hard to hedge security. ( Fatima, 2004 ) opines that the bombardment of Lois Edet house-Nigeria’s constabulary central office was besides an indicant that today’s design security considerations are clearly unequal. The undermentioned anti-terror constructing design considerations are recommended for composites that can be marks for panic onslaughts. There is the demand to procure edifices in Nigeria. Since the September 11, 2011 panic onslaughts in the United States, the demand to forestall or react to Acts of the Apostless of panic has radically transformed the policing and security landscape of states. This is frequently marked by the passage of new statute law, creative activity of new security bureaus or sections, furthering inter-agency intelligence sharing and engineering proviso of new resources, development of engineerings, and intensification of bilateral and multi-lateral cooperation on policing and security. In many legal powers, nevertheless, these steps have been taken at the disbursal of cultivating the people and communities in affected parts whose support and partnerships are important in geting actionable intelligence against terrorist menaces and reacting efficaciously to the threat. Nigeria is unluckily no exclusion. PROBLEM STATEMENT The job of insecurity is now a major tendency all over the Earth. Insecurity affects human life and being, the construct of insecurity has normally been ascribed different readings in association with the assorted ways which it affects persons. Security considerations remain its values for investing safety. The frequence of terrorist onslaught on edifice constructions in Nigeria in the past few old ages had become really alarming and unreassuring. Many lives and belongingss have been lost in the prostration of edifices largely in Abuja. Many belongings proprietors have developed high blood force per unit area and some have been sent to an early grave. ( Ogboi and Eze, 2013 ) . Beland ( 2005 ) , defines insecurity as â€Å"the province of fright or anxiousness stemming from a concrete or alleged deficiency of protection† . It refers to miss or inadequate freedom from danger. This definition reflects physical insecurity which is the most seeable signifier of insecurity, and it feeds into many other signifiers of insecurity such as economic security and societal security. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The primary purpose of this research is to rating of security considerations in the design of public edifice. The specific aims of this research is to execute the followersTo place and measure assorted security considerations in care schemes adopted for public edifices ;To find the effectivity for security considerations in public edifices ;To measure the degree of security challenge in public edifices ;To measure and measure the relevancy of security consideration in public edifices in Abuja ;RESEARCH QUESTIONSWhat are the considerations for following and care schemes for public edifices?How effectual is the security consideration in public edifices?What is the degree of security challenges in public edifices?What extend is the degree of security challenges in public edifices?What is the relevancy of security considerations in public edifices in Abuja?Boundary line The range of this research is focused on security considerations in the design of public edifices in Abuja. The position of Abuja as the capital metropolis of Nigeria means the metropolis is traveling to maintain edifice physical constructions and spread outing in range and size. Abuja, Nigeria’s federal capital metropolis, is a fast developing one. Abuja has a sprawling and unprecedented population growing, far more than the official figures. This is mostly due to resulting urbanisation in the metropolis following the resettlement of the federal capital from Lagos, and to the economic chances that the metropolis seems to offer. This has put tremendous force per unit area on the city’s substructure, peculiarly lodging, every bit good as other services many authorities constitutions, embassies, international bureaus and several corporate pudding stones are headquartered in Abuja. The metropolis has seen the development of major Constructions of constructions and substructures to run into up with the demands of adjustment for office, residential and recreational infinites. The research is to concentrate on some major edifices, and will ineptly look into the security consideration of cardinal bank of Nigeria and National house of assembly which are both strategic edifices in Abuja Nigeria These are indispensable elements of our economic system and life, and are hence attractive marks to terrorist groups. This research will concentrate on the protective readyings of some public countries, and provides relevant information to professionals and others who are concerned with these issues. The research will measure the handiness, external construction, stuffs and internal safety. Significance OF STUDY This research intends to turn to and make full in some of the spreads that approaches to security of lives and belongingss in developing a agency of safeguarding residents and edifices particularly the causes of terrorist onslaught and demo how to keep effectual security policies. Protecting the residents and contents of a edifice from the consequences in the consequences of a natural or human assault, the concluding end of physical security design is to minimise harm to a edifice and its systems so recovery may be possible. This is, of class, a challenging undertaking because the effects of temblors, windstorms, inundations, and detonations are hard to foretell. Joseph.A, ( 2003 ) believed that the exposures of an bing edifice can be evaluated against a menace analysis for the construction. Methods for retrofitting the edifice to turn to these exposures are so examined. Technology has provided many stuffs and techniques that make it possible, though non ever economical, to protect bing edifices against utmost duress such as bomb harm. Methodology The survey adopted a study research techniques, and is supported by Marshall and Rossman ( 1989 ) that aggregation of informations and analysis in a qualitative research is a coincident procedure. Random trying method was adopted for choosing the sample size utilizing a well-structured questionnaire, which was self-administered to the respondents. The secondary informations were sought through a careful hunt of different stuffs. The major beginning of information was obtained through literature study of books, studies of dailies and periodicals, authorities publications, conference documents and seminar studies among other. Descriptive analysis was employed to analyze the information gathered which was presented in a narrative. The rationalist position besides known as the scientific method is based on dependable and nonsubjective informations, mensurable experiments, trials, every bit good as statistical processs. It derives its strength from the impression that better apprehension of human experience can be gained through experiments and observations, positivist position to rating draws fundamentally on the method-based theory and focal points on developing Methodological model for verifying the internal cogency ( causality ) and external cogency ( generalisation ) of programmes, rating research is focused on the coevals of hypothesis, aggregation of quantitative informations, and utilizing the information to prove hypothesis and besides evolve theory as it is done in scientific experiments. The chief instruments of informations aggregation were interviews, focal point group treatments, questionnaires, reappraisals, observations. Relevant secondary informations, and the rationalist orientation for the research. Most significantly hypotheses are developed through the treatment of the conceptual theoretical account and constructivist attack. 1

Islamic Finance Key Principles Challenges And Performance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1786 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? After redesigning my research objectives, I decided to change my research questions in order to make my subject more related to the corporate finance domain. The aim is to provide information for corporate finance managers dealing with a discipline that have a specific regulation, can be part of the current financial system and can bring to them new investment opportunities. The new research questions are: The main challenge with Islamic finance remains its position regarding to the conventional financial system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Islamic Finance Key Principles Challenges And Performance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order There are two main visions: The first one qualifies Islamic finance as an alternative system because of its size. On the other side, there is a vision that places Islamic finance as a viable financial system that could coexist with the conventional one. Johnson Douglas Clark (2008) said that Islamic finance is fast evolving from a niche within the global banking system to what may become in the next generation a track parallel to the conventional financial services. He argues his point of view by the development of Islamic wealth management services even if it doesnt exist at this time, because wealth coming from Islamic countries is integrated in to the conventional financial system. Aka Jahangir indicated in a report called World Islamic Finance report (2008) edited by Ernst Young that wealthy Islamic investors continue to choose conventional investment solutions over shariah compliant structures, justifying this opinion by supposing that the religious belief come after the inv estment performance. CIMB Principal (2010) evaluated the size and the importance of Islamic finance by the increase in the demand for the Islamic finance products. They mentioned that Muslims worldwide are estimated to 1.65 billion, which represents approximately 24% of the world population. They added that its an investment class that is open not only for Muslims but for non Muslims too. The openness of Islamic finance to all type of investors drives to an important challenge, which is the globalization of the Islamic finance. Johnson Douglas Clark (2008) said The faster the Islamic industry embraces globalization, the more apparent the commercial opportunity will become as Islamic bankers aim to compete the conventional names on price, pedigree and performance. This process will allow, in his point of view, Islamic finance to expand beyond its borders that are golf countries and south East Asia. Going global is a trigger for Islamic finance but it is difficult to build a global financial Islamic market. Johnson Douglas Clark (2008) pointed that investors have a tendency to invest in their local market because they have a good knowledge on opportunities. Moreover, divergences between scholars and shariah advisors in different countries can be a hurdle to globalization. CIMB Principal (2010) found that for example, in Malaysia, they have a full fledged Islamic capital market that have specific requirements such as shariah advisor appointed at a company level and a shariah compliance officer who checks if the transactions meet the shariah principles. For them, the shariah advisor must be familiar with the differences in shariah interpretation by jurisdiction. They admitted that these guidelines are different for other countries but they can be considered as a benchmark for the Islamic finance industry. Johnson Douglas Clark (2008) had a different opinion regarding this theory. He gave a good example of controversy dealing with an Islamic financial p roduct called WAD based SWAP. The divergence of the use of those products was between Sheikh Yusuf Tallal de Lorenzo of the United States and the industry leader Justice Taqi Usmani of Pakistan. Forte, G. and F. Miglietta (2007) confirmed Douglass point of view in their paper when they analyzed the Shariah boards. They compared the theory and the practical point of view. So, they mentioned the divergences to the different jurisprudential schools and the way they interpreted the religious texts. On the other hand they proposed the solution to this problem by delegating all the investment decisions to the Islamic indices that have already made a stock screening by eminent scholars. This lead us to ask several questions concerning global shariah standards but the main issue remains the global governance of this industry because it will bring more homogeneity and product innovation. At this time, there are no concrete findings and studies related to this specific issue. What are the key principles of the Islamic finance that makes it a dependent financial system? The key principles of the five Islamic finance pillars that regulate the Islamic finance services (Standard and Poors, 2008) are: The ban on interest The ban on uncertainty of speculation The ban on financing sectors like pork, gambling, weaponsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ The asset backing principle which predicts that each transaction must rely on a tangible asset The sharing principle of profit and loss between parties Those principles are underlying from two main primary sources. The first one is the holy Quran and the Sunnah  [1]  . In the ban of interest case, Allah said ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" £ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ­ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" ÃÆ'ËÅ"ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  ÃÆ'ËÅ"ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ¨ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚  ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ¹ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½ ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ­ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ±ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½ ÃÆ'ËÅ"ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ±ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ÃÆ'ËÅ" ¨ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" Surat Albaqara, Ayat 275. That means Allah authorized selling and prohibited Riba  [2]  . The prophet Muhammad confirmed this statement in his Sunnah when he said that: ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ¹ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   ÃÆ'ËÅ" ±ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ³ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ ÃÆ'ËÅ"ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ'ËÅ" µÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ° ÃÆ'ËÅ"ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒ Æ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ'ËÅ" ¹ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚  ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ³ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ ÃÆ'ËÅ" ¢ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ ÃÆ'ËÅ"ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ±ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ¨ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÆ'ËÅ"ÃÆ'ËÅ" ªÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ¨ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ´ÃƒÆ'ËÅ"ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ÃƒÆ'ËÅ" ¯ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚  ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ÃƒÆ'ËÅ"Å’ ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡ÃƒÆ'ËÅ"ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ ÃÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ ÃÆ'ËÅ" ³ÃƒÆ'â„ ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÆ'ËÅ"ÃÆ'ËÅ"à ƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡, reported by Imam Muslim. The meaning of this Hadith  [3]   is that the prophet damns the one who eats Riba (uses money issued from interest to satisfy his needs), the one who gives it to eat, the one who writes it as an act and the one who assist to this act and they are all the same. For this example, the statement is clear and the texts give a clear judgment. However, in other cases texts are not clear and need interpretation from qualified scholars. Therefore, a secondary source has seen the light. Its called jurisprudence and its main objective is to bring explanation and interpretation of complicated religious texts. At this level, findings are mainly written by classic scholars such as: Imam Al Bukhari and Imam Muslim in Arabic language. It was hard to find those books but I focused on some modern literature that discussed those principles. International organization of securities commission (IOSCO, 2004) has realized a report where they describe the sha riah principles. It was a basic presentation with no practical examples. They explain that there is a link between shariah rules that have an ethical foundation and socially responsible investment without highlighting which principle is related to ethics.In this report, IOSCO havent discussed several issues regarding the application of shariah rules in current financial market. Herbert Smiths report on Islamic finance guide la finance islamique (2009) detailed the shariah ruling and its practical application. This report made an analysis of shariah principles and prohibitions, raised a problematic dealing with shariah compliance between eastern and western sides, and highlighted practical techniques of Islamic financing with an analysis of the process from a general shariah point of view. On the other hand, the report included three real examples of innovative transactions. It adopted a comparative approach between the three transactions and examines issues on these modern applications with Shariah criteria. This report provides a new approach regarding modern issues of shariah principles but there is a need of further analysis to fulfill the gap that exists between religious and jurisdiction texts and the application of new and innovative Islamic financial product that make this industry competitive and viable. How Islamic investment funds perform in the global market compared to the conventional investment funds? Findings and researches dealing of the measure of performance of Islamic investment funds versus conventional funds are few. This can be explained by the lack of data and reliable information for this type of funds. Moreover, many Islamic investment funds have not a long tracking record because they were launched in the latest years. As a result, financial analysts havent a good overview of long term performance of these funds. However, there are some studies that were conducted with a small sample of funds. Edward Tower and James Dean (2010) have done small research for a conference dealing with Islam and economic development. They have chosen a sample of four Islamic mutual funds that are located in the United States in order to evaluate them against benchmarks. They have found some interesting results: Two of those funds over performed the benchmark even if they had higher expense ratios. The two other funds underperformed the benchmark; they justify this result only fo r one fund. They explain that this fund was launched less than six months so there is not a sufficient tracking record to explain its relationship to the index. Finally they concluded their paper by assuming that the turnover rate of Islamic funds which is low can be a key factor to their over performances of indexes, and this was clearly highlighted for the two first funds of the sample. In addition to this they focused on the fact that Islamic funds use a lot of screening and valuation of stocks that meet shariah principles is positive and can facilitate the portfolio construction. The results of this study cannot be a reference because of the sample size and the geographical concentration; Said Al Fakhani and M. Kabir Hassan have realized in 2005 a deeper study of Islamic mutual funds performance. First, they noticed that sources of data were very limited. Although, they managed to make their study with a reasonable sample of 46 funds with a minimum track record of tw o years for a period starting from 1st January 1997 to 31st August 2002. In their study, they chose funds with different geographical regions and different sectors that were classified into eight categories. The performance of those funds was assessed compared to two market benchmarks, an Islamic index and a conventional one. This methodology is very suited for this type of studies but the findings of this one were so general with no concrete statistical conclusion: S. Al Fakhani and M. Kabir Hassan said Our findings suggest that the behavior of Islamic mutual funds does not differ from that of other conventional funds, with some shariah-compliant mutual funds over-performing their benchmarks and others under-performing them. However, they gave a good remark concerning Islamic mutual funds which have a strong performance during the recession period explained by improving performance with time and managers gaining experience. Finally, there was a recent study conducted by Fadil lah Mansour and M. Ishaq Batti (2009) measuring the performance of Islamic mutual funds in Malaysia. This latter was chosen by them as its considered among leader countries in Islamic asset management industry. This study is relevant as the sample of fund studied is 535 funds. In their conclusion, they found the same qualitative result as M. Kabir Hassani and Said Al Fakhani (2005). They noticed that there is a strong correlation between Islamic mutual funds and conventional ones. Furthermore, they provide a statistical conclusion when they stated that higher growth rates were registered for Islamic mutual funds. They explained the statement by three factors which are stability expectations, higher growth rate and resilience during crisis.